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英國政府資訊委員辦公室(ICO)對蔡英文論文一案的正式裁定書中英對照

美國網路作家Michael Richardson繼要求LSE、倫敦大學公布蔡英文論文口試委員名單連番遭拒之後,

向代表英國政府公權力的資訊委員辦公室(ICO)提出申訴,

ICO在6月12日做出了正式裁定,並在官網公告完整的裁定書內容。
https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/decision-notices/2020/2617860/fs50908339.pdf

本棟2樓是這份正式裁定書的中英對照,請參考,若有疏誤,也請指正。

底下針對這份裁定書做一些摘要說明:

1.
ICO是代表英國政府行使公權力,有權進入任何建物,並調查任何人事物證據,

任何人故意或縱容毀壞、阻止、藏匿、偽造證據,皆屬犯罪行為,

接受調查者必須提供真實證言,如有造假,無論是明知或疏忽,皆屬犯罪行為,

都是會被告上法院的。

2.
ICO正式裁定,倫敦大學拒絕提供口試委員姓名及口試報告簽署日期,於法有據,無須採取任何補救措施。

3.
裁定理由是這些資訊為蔡英文及口試委員的個資, 予以揭露乃屬違法。

ICO還特別強調,尤其是因為這涉及了口試委員的個資,即使蔡英文現在或許能接受這種揭露,但揭露這種資訊超乎口試委員的合理預期。

4.
ICO指出,倫敦大學已經把投訴人所請求的資訊提交給ICO。

也就是說,Richardson所要求的口試委員姓名及口試報告簽署日期,倫敦大學已經提交給ICO。

依據前面1.所提到的法律責任,倫敦大學所提交的文件如有偽造,無論是故意或縱容,所做證言如有造假,無論是明知或疏忽,皆屬犯罪行為。

換句話說,倫敦大學已經等同在法庭上確認蔡英文有口試委員、有口試報告,並提出了這些文件,

而且是經過校方審慎確認無誤,否則,即使是疏忽,也屬犯罪行為。

5.
ICO也同意蔡英文的論文或許涉及某種更廣泛的公眾利益,應該探討是否需要揭露這些個資。

但ICO認為,根據倫敦大學所提交的種種證據,足以證實蔡英文論文的有效性,

因此,即使是為了公眾利益,也沒有公布口試委員姓名及口試報告簽署日期的必要。

6.
倫敦大學所提交的證據如下:

蔡英文的論文口試報告、論文版權讓渡表,以及當年公布的合格名單,那份名單上有蔡英文的姓名及論文名稱。

依據前面1. 所提到的法律責任,倫敦大學提交這三份文件必須是經過審慎確認無誤,否則就會構成犯罪行為。

7.
倫敦大學也提交IALS在1985年出版的論文索引Legal Research in the United Kingdom 1905‐1984,上面有蔡英文的論文條目,作為佐證。


8.
倫敦大學還提到,應LSE的要求,蔡英文在2019年10月提供了她所保存的論文,

所以,2019年的黑皮書並不是蔡英文自己想要「偷渡」進去,而是LSE主動要求蔡英文提供的。

9.
倫敦大學也提到LSE在2019年10月所發表的聲明。

所以,2019年10月8日LSE官網所發的聲明,已經得到倫敦大學認證是LSE校方的正式聲明。

無論是IALS論文索引、LSE圖書館收錄的2019年黑皮書、LSE官網的校方聲明,倫敦大學提出這些佐證,同樣也是要承擔法律責任。

10.
倫敦大學也對ICO解釋了蔡英文論文消失的原因:

蔡英文的論文是因為倫敦大學圖書館,這應該是指SHL,從1980年代中期到2010年代經歷了多次組織結構重整,在這過程中遺失或被放錯架位。

關於這一點,Richardson在他的網路文章中,不知是出於故意或無知,曲解了這段話:

英國政府資訊委員辦公室(ICO)對蔡英文論文一案的正式裁定書中英對照

Richardson第一個錯誤是,把倫敦大學所說的「倫敦大學圖書館」遺失論文說成「LSE圖書館」遺失論文,

第二個錯誤是把倫敦大學圖書館「組織結構重整」("numerous structural changes to the library"及"various restructuring changes to the library")曲解為「建物重新裝修」( "building remodeling"及"remodeling of the library")。

關於第二點,我寫電郵去問了ICO,ICO的回覆是:

"we believe that it was the restructuring of the library provision rather than the physical restructuring of the building."

「我們相信那是圖書館館藏方式的結構重整,而非建物的物理性重建。」

至於倫敦大學圖書館的組織結構重整,請參考我另一棟發文:https://www.mobile01.com/topicdetail.php?f=638&t=5959877

這一點在林環牆調查報告中也略有提及。

11.
ICO也提到,ICO委員很清楚,現在LSE圖書館向蔡英文取得的論文版本,是目前能夠找到的唯一一本紙本論文,

ICO委員也清楚Richardson認為那只是一份草稿,

但ICO認為,那可能是、也可能不是草稿,

但ICO仍然認為,其他資訊,如1985年出版的IALS論文索引特刊,收錄了蔡英文的論文條目,已經證明了論文在當時已經完成並審核通過。

12.
ICO認為關鍵在於:蔡英文的博士學位是否有效、是否由倫敦大學正確授予,以及公眾是否可以信任倫敦大學的學位授予流程。

ICO認為,在蔡英文論文一案,倫敦大學已經證明他們的流程足夠透明,ICO沒有質疑的必要。

13.
因此,ICO認為,因蔡英文身為總統而衍生的公眾利益問題,並不足以超越這些個資主體,也就是蔡英文和口試委員,ICO特別強調尤其是口試委員,對自身個資是否會被揭露的合理預期。

因為當年還沒有資訊自由法(FOIA),蔡英文和口試委員並未預期自己的個資會被公布。

即使現在蔡英文「或許會」有此預期,但依然超乎口試委員們的合理預期,

因此,此一揭露可能會造成口試委員們的苦惱(distress)。

所以,這裡可以回答論文眾:

ICO擔心的不是會造成蔡英文的damage or distress,

而是擔心會造成口試委員們的苦惱啦。

14.
ICO最後也針對Richardson引用Saif的口試委員姓名在Woolf法官調查報告中被揭露作為前例,作了簡單的答覆:

ICO認為,在過去,不同的公權力在不同的處境下公布過口試委員姓名,和這裡的議題並不相干;委員對每一個案例都是依個案考量。

以上是我對ICO裁定書的內容摘要與解說,

這些內容清楚表明:

第一,

倫敦大學保有蔡英文論文的口試委員名單、口試委員報告、蔡英文的論文版權讓渡表、記載蔡英文姓名與論文題目的當年度合格名單,

並已呈交給ICO檢視,

而依據英國Data Protection Act 144及148(2)所規定的法律責任,

倫敦大學提出這些證據,必定先審慎確認無誤。

換言之,倫敦大學已經是扛著法律風險,為蔡英文的論文、學位做了背書。

第二,

倫敦大學也舉了LSE官網2019年10月8日的聲明、1985年出版的IALS論文索引特刊作為證據,

所以,這是倫敦大學對其原下屬機構的文件做了認證,

麻煩疑英派不要再瞎扯那不是真正的校方聲明啦、論文索引特刊不能證明有論文啦、論文索引特刊也會錯啦,

除非你們自認比倫敦大學更了解他們自己的學院、研究所,有更直接的管道可以查證真偽。

第三,

2019年的黑皮書是蔡英文應LSE要求而提供的,

麻煩論文眾不要再瞎扯是蔡英文自己主動「偷渡」進去啦,

倫敦大學提出這種證言都是要對英國政府、英國法院負法律責任的啦,

你們咧?

第四,

ICO擔心的是,公布口試委員名單,會造成口試委員的distress,

不是擔心會造成蔡英文的damage or distress啦,

不要再拿Richardson網路文章的斷章取義來瞎扯了啦。

Richardson都可以把倫敦大學圖書館說成LSE圖書館,

把圖書館館藏方式結構重整說成圖書館建物重新裝修,

你們還要把他的網路文章奉為聖旨喔?

還要貼他的網路文章擷圖來冒充ICO正式裁定書喔?

別搞笑了啦。
2020-07-02 16:52 發佈
Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA)
Decision notice
Date: 11 June 2020
Public Authority: The Council of the University of London
Address: Senate House
Malet Street
London
WC1E 7HU

Decision (including any steps ordered)
裁定(含令行措施)

1. The complainant has requested the names of the examiners who assessed the PhD thesis of President Tsai Ing-wen, the President of the Republic of China, and the date on which the thesis was assessed. The University of London (‘the University’) has withheld the information under section 40(2) of the FOIA as it considers it to be the personal data of third persons.
投訴人請求公布審核中華民國總統蔡英文之博士論文的口試委員姓名,以及論文審核之日期。倫敦大學已經依據FOIA第40節第2條,認為此屬複數第三人之個資,拒絕提供該資訊。

2. The Commissioner’s decision is as follows:
 • The University is entitled to withhold the information the complainant has requested under section 40(2) of the FOIA as it is the personal data of third persons and disclosing it would be unlawful.
委員裁定如下:
 • 倫敦大學依FOIA第40節第2條拒絕公布投訴人所請求之資訊,於法有據,因其為複數第三人之個資,予以揭露乃屬違法。


3. The Commissioner does not require the University to take any remedial steps.
委員不要求倫敦大學採取任何補救措施。

Request and response
請求與答覆

4. On 29 October 2019, the complainant wrote to the University of London and requested information in the following terms:
“I am requesting the names of the Examines for the 1984 Ph.D. thesis of Tsai Ing-wen. The thesis is entitled “Unbfair [sic] Trade Practices and Safeguard Actions”. Please also inform me of the date the Examiners signed approval of the thesis.”
2019年10月29日,投訴人以如下言詞寫信給倫敦大學,請求公布資訊:
「我請求公布蔡英文1984年博士論文口試委員姓名。該論文題目為Unbfair [依投訴人原文] Trade Practices and Safeguard Actions。並請告知我口試委員簽署該論文審核通過書之日期。」


5. The University responded on 2 December 2019. It directed the complainant to where information about the thesis in question is published. This is a statement by the London School of Economics (LSE) dated 8 October 2019. The LSE had noted that it had received a number of queries regarding the academic status of its alumna, President Tsai Ing-wen. It confirmed that President Tsai had been correctly awarded a PhD in Law in 1984, and that at that time the University of London awarded degrees. The University also provided a link to where a copy of the thesis in question can be accessed, on the LSE’s website.
倫敦大學於2019年12月2日答覆。倫敦大學告知投訴人何處可取得有關該論文之公開資訊,即LSE於2019年10月8日發布之聲明。LSE也提到,該校收到許多關於其校友蔡英文總統學術地位的詢問。該校確認蔡總統已於1984年獲頒法學博士學位無誤,且當時之學位皆由倫敦大學頒授。倫敦大學也提供LSE網站的連結網址,可於該處取得該論文副本。

6. The University refused to release the specific information requested as it considered it to be President Tsai Ing-wen’s personal data and so exempt from disclosure under section 40(2) of the FOIA.
倫敦大學拒絕公布所請求之特定資訊,因其認為此屬蔡總統之個資,故依FOIA第40節第2條可免於揭露。

7. Following an internal review, the University wrote to the complainant on 24 January 2020. It maintained its position.
經過內部評估之後,倫敦大學於2020年1月24日寫信給投訴人,維持原先立場。

Scope of the case
案件原委

8. The complainant contacted the Commissioner on 5 February 2020 to complain about the way his request for information had been handled.
投訴人於2020年2月5日與委員聯繫,就其資訊請求的處置方式提出投訴。

9. The Commissioner’s investigation has focussed on the University’s reliance on section 40(2) to withhold examiners’ names and the date on which the thesis was approved.
委員的調查重點放在倫敦大學依第40節第2條拒絕公布口試委員姓名及該論文審核通過之日期。

Reasons for decision
裁定理由

 Section 40 – personal data
 第40節——個資

10. Section 40(2) of the FOIA provides that information is exempt from disclosure if it is the personal data of an individual other than the requester, and one of the conditions listed in section 40(3A), (3B) or 40(4A) is satisfied.
FOIA第40節第2條指出,資訊若為請求人以外的某一個人之個資,且符合第40節第3A條,或第3B條,或第40節第4A條所列之情況,可免於揭露。

11. In this case the relevant condition is contained in section 40(3A)(a) *1. This applies where disclosing the information to any member of the public would contravene any of the principles relating to the processing of personal data (‘the DP principles’), as set out in Article 5 of the General Data Protection Regulation (‘GDPR’).
本案相關情況為第40節第3A條所涵蓋*1。若向任何公眾揭露資訊會觸犯與個資處理相關之任何一項原則(DP原則),如《一般性資訊保護規定》(GDPR)第5條所陳述,皆適用於第3A條。

*1 As amended by Schedule 19 Paragraph 58(3) DPA.

12. The first step for the Commissioner is to determine whether the withheld information constitutes personal data as defined by the Data Protection Act 2018 (‘DPA’). If it is not personal data, then section 40 of the FOIA cannot apply.
委員的第一步驟,是確認該拒絕公布之資訊是否構成如2018年資料保護法(DPA)所定義之個資。若非個資,則不適用於FOIA第40節。

13. Secondly, and only if the Commissioner is satisfied that the requested information is personal data, she must establish whether disclosing that data would breach any of the DP principles.
其次,一旦委員同意所請求資訊為個資,她必須確認揭露該項資料是否會觸犯任何一項DP原則。

 Is the information personal data?
 該資訊是個資嗎?

14. Section 3(2) of the DPA defines personal data as:
“any information relating to an identified or identifiable living individual”.
DPA第3節第2條定義個資為:
「任何與某位已識別或可識別的仍存活在世之個人相關之資訊」。


15. The two main elements of personal data are that the information must relate to a living person and that the person must be identifiable.
個資的兩大要素為:該資訊必須與某位仍存活在世的個人有關,且該個人必須是可識別。

16. An identifiable living individual is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of the individual.
某位可識別、仍存活在世的個人,是指可以直接或間接識別的某人,尤其是藉由某種識別標記,如姓名、身分證號碼、區位資料、線上識別標記,或是藉由當事人的一項或一項以上與物理、生理、基因、心理、經濟、文化或社會之身分識別明確關聯的要素。

17. Information will relate to a person if it is about them, linked to them, has biographical significance for them, is used to inform decisions affecting them or has them as its main focus.
如果該資訊是關於個人、連結到個人、對個人的生平有重要意義、可用於顯示出對個人有所影響之決定,或以個人為該資訊之主要重點,那麼該資訊就會與個人有關。

18. In this case, the request is for examiners’ names and the date on which the thesis of a named individual was assessed ie recommended for a particular result. In his initial complaint to the Commissioner, the complainant has indicated that he is seeking the date on which the examiners signed that they had assessed the thesis.
本案中,該請求是針對口試委員的姓名,以及一位被指名之個人的論文為達特定結果而接受審核即推薦的日期。在投訴人最初對委員的投訴中,投訴人指出他正在查找口試委員簽署表示已審核通過該論文的日期。

19. The University has provided the Commissioner with the requested information. In its submission the University has noted that the focus of the request is the educational record of a specific person: President Tsai Ing-wen. The examiners’ names are clearly the personal data of those individuals; their names relate to those individuals and they could be identified from their names and the context of the request. (In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the Commissioner is going to assume that the examiners working in 1984 are still alive.) However, this information can also be categorised as President Tsai’s personal data as it concerns the thesis she produced. It therefore relates to her and, since she is named in the request, she can be identified from it. For the same reasons, the Commissioner considers that the date that President Tsai’s thesis was assessed can also be categorised as her personal data.
倫敦大學已將所請求資訊提交給委員。在其提交文件中,倫敦大學提到,該請求的重點在於特定個人,蔡英文總統,的教育紀錄。口試委員的姓名顯然是這些當事人的個資;他們的姓名與這些當事人相關,且他們可能藉由其姓名及該請求之相關脈絡而被識別。(由於缺乏反證,委員將假定1984年任職的口試委員仍然存活在世。)然而,該資訊也可以被歸類為蔡總統的個資,因其涉及她所撰寫的論文。因此,該資訊與她有關,因為她在該請求中被指名、她會因之而被識別。基於相同的理由,委員認為,蔡總統的論文接受審核的日期也可以被歸類為她的個資。

20. In the circumstances of this case, having considered the withheld information, the Commissioner is satisfied that the requested information relates to President Tsai Ing-wen and particular examiners. She is satisfied that this information both relates to and identifies these individuals. This information therefore falls within the definition of ‘personal data’ in section 3(2) of the DPA.
依據本案相關情況,考量過該拒絕公布之資訊,委員同意,該請求資訊與蔡英文總統及特定口試委員有關。她同意,此項資訊既與這些當事人相關,也可識別出這些當事人。因此,此項資訊是在DPA第3節第2條的「個資」定義範圍內。

21. The fact that information constitutes the personal data of an identifiable living individual does not automatically exclude it from disclosure under the FOIA. The second element of the test is to determine whether disclosure would contravene any of the DP principles.
該資訊構成可識別、仍存活在世之某一個人之個資,此一事實並不能直接將該資訊排除於依FOIA規定揭露的範圍之外。該評估的第二項要素是要確定揭露是否會觸犯任何一項DP原則。

22. The most relevant DP principle in this case is principle (a).
本案中最為相關的DP原則為原則(a)。

 Would disclosure contravene principle (a)?
 揭露會違反原則(a)嗎?

23. Article 5(1)(a) of the GDPR states that:
“Personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject”.
GDPR第5條第1項(a)款所述條文為:
「個資之處理應對資料之主體合法、公平且採取透明方式。」


24. In the case of an FOIA request, the personal data is processed when it is disclosed in response to the request. This means that the information can only be disclosed if to do so would be lawful, fair and transparent.
在該FOIA請求案中,當該個資應此請求而揭露時,該個資即受處理。這意味著,唯當合法、公平且透明而為之,該資訊才能揭露。

25. In order to be lawful, one of the lawful bases listed in Article 6(1) of the GDPR must apply to the processing. It must also be generally lawful.
為求合法,該處理必須適用於GDPR第6條第1項所列合法基礎之一。該處理必須普遍性合法。

 Lawful processing: Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR
 合法的處理:GDPR第6條第1項(f)款

26. Article 6(1) of the GDPR specifies the requirements for lawful processing by providing that “processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the” lawful bases for processing listed in the Article applies.
GDPR第6條第1項明確規定合法處理的要件:處理若要合法,唯當該條文所列處理之合法基礎中至少有一項適用。

27. The Commissioner considers that the lawful basis most applicable is basis 6(1)(f) which states:
“processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child” *2.
委員認為,最適合的合法基礎為第6條第1項(f)款所述:
「處理乃為達個資控管人或第三方所追求正當利益之目的所必須,除非此等利益讓位於要求保護個資之資料主體的利益或基本權利及自由,尤其是當資料主體為兒童時。」*2


*2 Article 6(1) goes on to state that:-
“Point (f) of the first subparagraph shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks”.
However, section 40(8) FOIA (as amended by Schedule 19 Paragraph 58(8) DPA) provides that:-
“In determining for the purposes of this section whether the lawfulness principle in Article 5(1)(a) of the GDPR would be contravened by the disclosure of information, Article 6(1) of the GDPR (lawfulness) is to be read as if the second sub-paragraph (dis-applying the legitimate interests gateway in relation to public authorities) were omitted”.

28. In considering the application of Article 6(1)(f) of the GDPR in the context of a request for information under the FOIA, it is necessary to consider the following three-part test:
在依FOIA規定請求資訊的脈絡下考量GDPR第6條第1項(f)款的適用性時,必須考量以下三層評估:

 • Legitimate interest test: Whether a legitimate interest is being pursued in the request for information
 • 正當利益評估:該資訊請求是否在追求正當利益

 • Necessity test: Whether disclosure of the information is necessary to meet the legitimate interest in question
 • 必要性評估:該資訊之揭露是否為滿足該正當利益所必須

 • Balancing test: Whether the above interests override the legitimate interest(s) or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject
 • 均衡性評估:上述利益是否優位於資料主體之正當利益或基本權利及自由

29. The Commissioner considers that the test of ‘necessity’ under stage (ii) must be met before the balancing test under stage (iii) is applied.
委員認為,在進行第三層的均衡性評估之前,必須先通過第二層的「必要性」評估。

 Legitimate interests
 正當利益

30. In considering any legitimate interest(s) in the disclosure of the requested information under FOIA, the Commissioner recognises that a wide range of interests may be legitimate interests. They can be the requester’s own interests or the interests of third parties, and commercial interests as well as wider societal benefits. These interest(s) can include broad general principles of accountability and transparency for their own sakes, as well as case-specific interests. However, if the requester is pursuing a purely private concern unrelated to any broader public interest, unrestricted disclosure to the general public is unlikely to be proportionate. They may be compelling or trivial, but trivial interests may be more easily overridden in the balancing test.
在考量依FOIA規定揭露該請求資訊之任何正當利益時,委員認知到,有各式各樣的利益都可能是正當利益。可能是請求者自身的利益或第三方的利益,以及商業利益,還有更廣大的社會福祉。這些利益可能包括廣泛的責任與透明性之一般原則,以及與本案特殊相關的利益。然而,如果請求者是在追求純屬私人的關注而無關乎任何更廣泛之公眾利益,不設限地對一般大眾揭露,可能就不合乎比例原則了。這些利益或許具有迫切性、或許無關緊要,但無關緊要的利益在均衡性評估中可能比較容易遭到排除。

31. The complainant is interested in the legitimacy of President Tsai’s 1984 thesis. He is concerned that the thesis was not filed with the LSE’s library until 2019 and that the filed copy appears to be a draft document. He says that this graduate had a non-Doctoral instructor as an Advisor, which he also considers casts doubt on the thesis’ validity. In the Commissioner’s view, the legitimacy or otherwise of President Tsai’s thesis is a private concern for the complainant. However, given the position of one of the data subjects – President Tsai – there may be some broader public interest in the matter.
投訴人對蔡總統1984年論文的正當性感興趣。他關切的是,該論文直到2019年才收錄於LSE圖書館,且該收錄版本看似為一份草稿。他說,這名畢業生的Advisor為一名不具博士學位的導師,他也認為這一點使該論文的有效性受到懷疑。依委員的看法,蔡總統的論文是否具有正當性,是投訴人的私人關切。然而,由於資料主體之一——蔡總統——的地位,或許這件事有某種更廣泛的公眾利益。

 Is disclosure necessary?
 揭露是否必要?

32. ‘Necessary’ means more than desirable but less than indispensable or absolute necessity. Accordingly, the test is one of reasonable necessity and involves consideration of alternative measures which may make disclosure of the requested information unnecessary. Disclosure under the FOIA must therefore be the least intrusive means of achieving the legitimate aim in question.
「必要」意味著超乎「想要」但未達於「不可或缺或絕對之必要」。因此,該評估是針對合理的必要性,且涉及對其他作法的考量,這些作法或許會使得該請求資訊之揭露成為不必要。因此,依FOIA規定的揭露,必須是侵害性最小而能達成該正當目標的方式。

33. The complainant is of the view that President Tsai’s 1984 thesis may not have been legitimate. He considers that disclosing the names of the examiners who assessed the thesis, and the date when they ‘signed it off’, is necessary because evidence of certification would support a view that the thesis was (or was not) a valid piece of work.
投訴人的看法是蔡總統1984年的論文可能不具正當性。他認為,揭露審核該論文的口試委員姓名,以及他們「簽結」的日期,是必要的,因為經過確認的證據將會支持該論文是(或不是)有效作品的看法。

34. In its submission to the Commissioner, the University has explained that recipients of PhD degrees in almost all cases have their thesis listed in the publicly searchable University library and therefore the confirmation of a qualification can be determined via this route.
在呈交給委員的文件中,倫敦大學已經解釋過,幾乎所有獲頒博士學位者的論文都陳列在可供公眾查詢的倫敦大學圖書館裡,因此,博士資格的確認可藉由這種管道得到定論。

35. The University has told the Commissioner that it holds a copy of the examination report for the thesis and the thesis copyright submission form. There is also a record of the individual and the thesis on the University’s pass list published in that year. Furthermore, there is a listing of President Tsai’s thesis ‘Unfair trade practices and safeguard actions’ in the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) index document “Legal Research in the United Kingdom 1905‐1984”, which was published in 1985. The original copy held by the University library was lost or mis-shelved sometime between mid‐1980s and 2010s over which period there were numerous structural changes to the library.
倫敦大學告訴委員,倫敦大學保有一份該論文的口試報告,及該論文的版權讓渡表。倫敦大學那一年公布的合格名單上也有當事人及該論文的紀錄。而且,IALS於1985年出版的的索引文件Legal Research in the United Kingdom 1905‐1984中有蔡總統論文Unfair trade practices and safeguard actions的一則條目。倫敦大學圖書館所保管的原始論文在1980年代中期到2010年代之間的某個時間點遺失或放錯架位,該圖書館在這段時期有多次的組織結構變動。

36. The LSE obtained a copy of the thesis from the graduate, President Tsai, and made a digital copy available on LSE’s website in October 2019, along with the published statement referred to above.
LSE在2019年10月向該名畢業生,即蔡總統,取得一份論文,且製作成可在LSE網站上取得的數位版,並在同月發布的聲明中提到上述事項。

37. The University has advised that, in its responses to separate FOI requests, it has stated that it holds records of the viva and the pass list in regard to this graduate – President Tsai – and can therefore confirm the award of the degree.
倫敦大學告知,在回應個別的FOIA請求時,他們已經說過他們保有與這名畢業生——蔡總統——相關的論文口試及合格名單種種紀錄,因此可以確認其學位之授予。

38. The University’s position is that the validity of President Tsai’s 1984 thesis is confirmed because the thesis is published and available online. Other information is held – such as the viva associated with the thesis and the University’s contemporaneous pass list containing President Tsai’s name – that also supports a position that the thesis is legitimate. In addition, a public statement to that effect has been made by the college at which President Tsai was registered.
倫敦大學的立場為:蔡總統1984年論文的有效性得到確認,因為該論文已發表並可在線上取得。他們還保有其他資訊——諸如該論文的口試及倫敦大學當期包括蔡總統姓名在內的合格名單——這些資訊也支持了該論文具有正當性的立場。此外,蔡總統註冊就讀的學院也已經發布過一份大意如上的公開聲明。

39. To a large degree, the Commissioner agrees that the validity of the thesis has been demonstrated and that releasing the thesis examiners’ names and the requested date is not necessary to meet the complainant’s legitimate interests. However, for the sake of completeness the Commissioner will accept that disclosure is necessary, and she has gone on to conduct the balancing test.
委員大致上贊同該論文的有效性已經得到證實,公布該論文口試委員姓名及所請求之日期,並非滿足投訴人正當利益之所必要。然而,為求完備,委員以下將受認揭露之必要性,進行均衡性評估。

 Balance between legitimate interests and the data subject’s interests or fundamental rights and freedoms
 正當利益與資料主體之利益或基本權利及自由之間的均衡

40. It is necessary to balance the legitimate interests in disclosure against the data subjects’ interests or fundamental rights and freedoms. In doing so, it is necessary to consider the impact of disclosure. For example, if the data subjects would not reasonably expect that the information would be disclosed to the public under the FOIA in response to the request, or if such disclosure would cause unjustified harm, their interests or rights are likely to override legitimate interests in disclosure.
有必要在揭露的正當利益與這些資料主體的利益或基本權利及自由之前取得均衡。這麼做,就必須考量揭露所造成的衝擊。例如,如果這些資料主體並未合理預期該資訊將依FOIA規定、應此請求而向公眾揭露,或是如果此種揭露將導致不合乎正義的傷害,他們的利益或權利可能就會優位於揭露的正當利益。

41. In considering this balancing test, the Commissioner has taken into account the following factors:
思考此一均衡性評估時,委員將以下因素納入考量:

 • the potential harm or distress that disclosure may cause
 • 揭露可能導致的潛在損害或苦惱

 • whether the information is already in the public domain
 • 該資訊是否已經流入公共領域

 • whether the information is already known to some individuals
 • 該資訊是否已經為某些個人所知

 • whether the individual expressed concern to the disclosure; and
 • 當事人是否已經表達對該揭露之關切;以及

 • the reasonable expectations of the individual
 • 當事人的合理預期

42. In the Commissioner’s view, a key issue is whether the individuals concerned have a reasonable expectation that their information will not be disclosed. These expectations can be shaped by factors such as an individual’s general expectation of privacy, whether the information relates to an employee in their professional role or to them as individuals, and the purpose for which they provided their personal data.
依委員的看法,關鍵議題在於所涉及的這些當事人是否合理預期他們的資訊不會被揭露。這些預期可由各種因素所形塑,諸如當事人對隱私的一般性預期、該資訊是否連結到具有他們這種專業角色的某名受雇者或他們個人,以及要他們提供其個資之目的。

43. It is also important to consider whether disclosure would be likely to result in unwarranted damage or distress to that individual.
同樣重要的,是要考量揭露是否有可能導致對當事人產生毫無理由的損害或苦惱。

44. In his correspondence to her, the complainant has provided the following arguments for the information’s disclosure:
投訴人在寄給委員的信中,提供了以下針對資訊之揭露的論點:

 • The University has not offered any citations of support for its assertion that the individuals’ privacy should be protected, nor has it cited any precedent to void transparency of the diploma process.
 • 倫敦大學並未提供任何引述支持其主張當事人隱私應受保護的說法,也未引述頒授學位過程不予透明公開的任何前例。

 • The names of the examiners and the dates they certify theses with their signatures are not “further records of assessment”, as the University had advised him. The role of examiners is fundamental to the University mission and is an authenticating necessity for the integrity of a University of London degree. Lack of transparency in the degree award process harms the University of London and the public by undermining confidence in the legitimacy of the degree.
 • 口試委員的姓名及其簽名認證論文的日期,並非如倫敦大學所告知為「論文審核的進一步紀錄」。口試委員的角色是倫敦大學使命的基礎,是確認倫敦大學學位完整性的必要條件。學位授予過程欠缺透明性,對倫敦大學及公眾造成了傷害,因為對學位正當性的信心受到了腐蝕。

 • Current LSE policy on the nomination of examiners precludes any student control over the Examiner selection process: “It is not the responsibility of students to nominate their own examiners and students do not have the right to request and have appointed examiners of their choosing.”
 • LSE當前的口試委員任命政策預先排除了學生對於口試委員甄選流程的任何掌控權:「任命自己的口試委員並非學生的權責,學生沒有權利要求及指派由他們挑選的口試委員。」

 • Examiner records are kept in the custody of the PhD Academy and not in student files: “Examiners must provide the PhD Academy with the following completed paperwork within two weeks of the viva having taken place: (a) examiner's report form—confirming the examination outcome.”
 • 口試委員紀錄保存於博士院檔案,而非學生檔案:「口試委員必須在口試舉行兩周內提供博士院以下完整書面資料:(a)口試委員報告表——確認口試結果。

 • There is significant public interest in President Tsai’s thesis, particularly in Taiwan. There is an “ongoing public controversy” over Tsai Ing-wen's 1984 thesis that is most likely damaging to her. One recurrent theme on social media is that there actually was no viva and that President Tsai had dropped out, which is why her thesis was never submitted to the LSE library as required of all doctoral candidates.
 • 蔡總統的論文有重大的公眾利益,尤其是在台灣。針對蔡英文1984年論文有一場「正在進行中的公眾爭論」,最有可能對她造成損害。社群媒體上一再重複的主題是:根本就沒有口試,蔡總統早就放棄,這就是為什麼她的論文從未呈交到LSE圖書館,而這是所有博士候選人所必須做到的。

 • The quickest and best way to end the allegation of academic fraud would be simply to identify the thesis examiners and verify the date they authenticated the degree with their signatures. Disclosure would cause no damage or distress and end much of the current public controversy. Even if disclosure would not totally end the controversy, it is difficult to imagine how disclosure could result in damage or distress to President Tsai, unless there were no examiners in which case she would be caught in a lie. If the only damage or distress that could come to President Tsai by disclosure is the revelation there were no examiners, that should not be shielded from public disclosure.
 • 終結這場學術詐欺的爭辯,最快也最好的辦法就是直接指認論文口試委員,並證實他們以其簽名認證學位的日期。揭露不會造成損害與苦惱,而是終結當前許多的公眾爭論。即使揭露不會完全終結爭論,也很難想像揭露如何能導致蔡總統的損害或苦惱,除非沒有口試委員,這麼一來,她就會被逮到她說了謊。如果唯一可能因揭露而降臨蔡總統身上的損害或苦惱是沒有口試委員一事曝光,那就不應受保護而免於公開揭露。

 • The examiners have not asserted any privacy rights, the University did not assert any privacy right for examiners, and there is some question as to whether the examiners actually exist.
 • 口試委員未曾主張任何隱私權,倫敦大學以前也未主張口試委員有任何隱私權,至於是否真有口試委員存在,倒是有點疑問。

 • The LSE has released examiners’ names previously (during the Woolf Inquiry in 2011) and this has set a precedent.
 • LSE以前曾經公布過口試委員姓名(在2011年Woolf調查期間),這已經立下前例。

45. In its submission to her, the University has told the Commissioner that its general policy is that it does not disclose details of a graduate’s degree to a third party without the consent of the individual or whether required to by a legal exemption in the Data Protection Act 2018. In some cases, the University may weigh up the legitimate interests and confirm a qualification has been obtained. Further details (such as the classification of the degree, copies of coursework, registration details, dates of completion) are not disclosed.
在其呈交給委員的文件中,倫敦大學已經告知委員,其一般性政策是未經當事人同意,不對第三方揭露畢業生學位細節。在某些案例中,倫敦大學可能會衡量正當利益,確認某項已被取得的學位資格。進一步的細節(如學位等級、課程作業、註冊細節、完成日期)則不予揭露。

46. The University says that, like all PhD graduates, the individual in this case has a reasonable expectation that their qualification will be a matter of public record via a library or other public register. There is no expectation that records of the examination process will be disclosed.
倫敦大學說,就像所有博士畢業生,本案當事人對其學位資格會通過圖書館或其他公開名冊而成為公共記錄事項有一合理預期,但並未預期口試過程記錄會被揭露。

47. It says that students will have a high expectation that records of their registration and their attendance at the University, which may reference a number of factors relating to their professional and personal life, would not be subject to public disclosure. Even in the case of a PhD thesis, where there is an expectation that the thesis would be publicly available, there is no expectation that further records of assessment would be disclosed. The nature of the disclosure would have an impact on the University’s position on the privacy and confidentiality of all its student records.
倫敦大學說,學生們高度預期他們在倫敦大學的註冊及出席上課紀錄——這可能會涉及許多與他們專業及個人生活有關的眾多因素——不會被迫公開揭露。即使是博士論文,他們預期論文可被公開取得,並未預期論文審核的進一步紀錄會被揭露。該項揭露的性質會衝擊倫敦大學對其所有學生紀錄之隱私及保密的立場。

48. The University says it has thousands of graduates. Many have progressed to positions of power and influence in public life. It has noted that the PhD qualification in question precedes this individual’s political career and makes the point that a degree qualification is not essential for a political career in the same way that a medical degree would be for a physician. That is true. It is not a requirement for the role of President of the Republic of China to have a PhD. If it were, and President Tsai’s PhD was not legitimate, that might be a concern. What is of issue here is whether the University’s process for assessing and awarding PhDs is valid in all cases.
倫敦大學說,他們有數以千計的畢業生,許多已經晉升到對公眾生活擁有權力及影響力的地位。倫敦大學提到本案中的博士資格是在此當事人政治生涯之前取得,並主張學位資格對於政治生涯並非必要,不像醫學學位對於醫生是必要的。這話沒錯。擁有博士學位並非中華民國總統一職的要件。如果是的話,而蔡總統的博士學位又不具正當性的話,這可能就值得關切。此處的關鍵議題,在於倫敦大學的論文審核與博士學位授予流程是否在所有個案中都有效。

49. It is unfortunate that the copy of President Tsai’s thesis that the University library held was lost or misplaced between the mid-1980s and 2010, during various restructuring changes to the library. This may have been why that version of the thesis was not published in the period after 1984. However, in response to a request for it from the LSE, President Tsai provided LSE with a copy of the thesis that she held. The LSE has published a copy of this thesis that it received from President Tsai, since 2019. The complainant considers the published thesis appears to be a draft. It may or may not be a draft version, but this is the version of her thesis that President Tsai still held, some 35 years after first writing it. The Commissioner understands that the paper copy of the thesis that the University received from President Tsai and which it has converted to an electronic version and published is the only paper copy it has been able to locate at this point.
不幸的是,倫敦大學圖書館所保管的蔡總統論文在1980年代中期到2010之間,就在該圖書館各種重整架構的變動中,遺失或放錯位置。這可能就是為什麼該論文的那個版本並未在1984年之後公開。不過,蔡總統應LSE的要求,提供了她所持有的論文。LSE已經公開他們在2019年收自蔡總統處的這份論文。投訴人認為這份公開的論文看似一份草稿。它可能是、也可能不是草稿版,但這是蔡總統在她初次撰寫後35年依然持有的論文版本。委員明白,倫敦大學收自蔡總統處且已轉換為電子版並發表的該份紙本論文,是此刻能夠找到的唯一一份紙本版。

50. However, other information – such as the thesis’ inclusion in the IALS index in 1985 – evidenced that, at that time, the thesis had been completed and assessed.
然而,其他資訊——如該論文被收錄於1985年的IALS論文索引——證明了,在當時,該論文已經寫完並審核完成。

51. At issue here is whether President Tsai’s PhD was valid and properly awarded by the University and, more generally, whether the public can trust the University’s processes. The complainant has his particular concerns, but the Commissioner considers that the University has demonstrated sufficient transparency in the matter of this PhD thesis; she has no compelling reason to doubt that the University’s award processes were not robust in 1984 or now. Such public interest as there is in the matter of this thesis is outweighed by the data subjects’ – that is, President Tsai’s and, in particular, the examiners’ - reasonable expectations. Neither President Tsai nor the examiners would have expected their personal data to be released so many years before the introduction of the FOIA. Whilst President Tsai might reasonably expect this now, the Commissioner considers that disclosure remains beyond the examiners’ expectations. It is therefore possible that disclosing this information would cause them distress.
此處的關鍵議題,在於蔡總統的博士學位是否有效且由倫敦大學正確授予,更一般性來說,公眾是否可以信任倫敦大學的流程。投訴人有其特殊關切,但委員認為,就這份博士論文一事而言,倫敦大學已經證明有充足的透明性;委員並無迫切理由要懷疑倫敦大學頒授學位的流程不健全,無論是在1984年或現在。如此一論文事項中之此種公眾利益,不如這些資料主體——蔡總統,尤其是口試委員們——的合理預期來得重要。早在FOIA立法的這麼多年之前,蔡總統和口試委員都未曾預期他們的個資會被公布。雖然蔡總統現在「或許會」合理地預期這一點,委員認為,該項揭露依然超乎口試委員們的預期。因此,揭露此一資訊有可能會造成他們的苦惱。

52. That a different public authority in a different set of circumstances released examiners’ names in the past is not relevant here; the Commissioner considers each case on a case by case basis. Based on the above factors, the Commissioner has determined in this case that there is insufficient legitimate interest to outweigh the data subjects’ fundamental rights and freedoms. The Commissioner therefore considers that there is no Article 6 basis for processing and so the disclosure of the information would not be lawful.
在過去,不同的公權力在不同的處境下公布過口試委員姓名,和這裡的議題並不相干;委員對每一個案例都是依個案考量。基於以上種種因素,委員已經對本案做出裁定,並無充分的正當利益足以超越這些資料主體的基本權利與自由。因此,委員認為並無第6條的處理基礎,所以資訊揭露並不合法。

53. Given the above conclusion that disclosure would be unlawful, the Commissioner considers that she does not need to go on to consider separately whether disclosure would be fair or transparent.
基於上述「揭露並不合法」的結論,委員認為她無須繼續一一考量揭露是否公平或透明。

 The Commissioner’s view
54. The Commissioner has decided that the University was entitled to withhold the information under section 40(2), by way of section 40(3A)(a).
 委員看法

 委員已經裁定,倫敦大學依第40節第2條及第40節第3A條(a)項,拒絕公布該資訊,於法有據。


Right of appeal
55. Either party has the right to appeal against this decision notice to the First-tier Tribunal (Information Rights). Information about the appeals process may be obtained from:
First-tier Tribunal (Information Rights)
GRC & GRP Tribunals
PO Box 9300
LEICESTER
LE1 8DJ
Tel: 0300 1234504
Fax: 0870 739 5836
Email: grc@justice.gov.uk
Website: www.justice.gov.uk/tribunals/general-regulatorychamber
56. If you wish to appeal against a decision notice, you can obtain information on how to appeal along with the relevant forms from the Information Tribunal website.
57. Any Notice of Appeal should be served on the Tribunal within 28 (calendar) days of the date on which this decision notice is sent.

Signed
Pamela Clements
Group Manager
Information Commissioner’s Office
Wycliffe House
Water Lane
Wilmslow
Cheshire
SK9 5AF
龜林,妳自己查查維基百科,ico只是半官方政府機構,還是被賛助的,它只有行政調查權,沒有司法權

我老早就跟妳說過了,不管ico是什麼東東,lse或倫敦的人不會犯險造假,但湮滅證據那就不一定了,lse只會提供對他們有利的證據

此外ico有將相關文件送去鑑識嗎?沒有的話,它只是進行合不合乎個資保密的審查
而不是對菸皇學位有無問題的調查,妳不用在那擴張解釋

總之,買賣學位在英國並不犯法,不會進行司法調查,都是瞎扯蛋

另外,它說論文是被lse或倫敦大學搞丟的,這明顯和所有人的共識論文根本沒進圖書館矛盾,顯見ico根本沒調查,隨意呼嚨

格達費之子一案也是,沃夫只是退休的前大法官,妳不用好像素到懶較一樣興奮的說得好像進行了司法調查,會有證據
turtlins wrote:
Freedom of(恕刪)


只告訴:不公佈是合法的

你真的傻喔
turtlins wrote:
美國網路作家Michael
所以,2019年的黑皮書並不是蔡英文自己想要「偷渡」進去,而是LSE主動要求蔡英文提供的。...(恕刪)

龜林,

已經很黑了,不要再越描越黑...

還"LSE主動要求1.5補件"?然後補來放進婦女館?...

光用眼睛餘光瞄到這條消夜就噴出來了...
海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
龜林,妳自己查查維基百科,ico只是半官方政府機構,還是被賛助的,它只有行政調查權,沒有司法權


肥仔,

你自己看看英國的Data Protection act,看看裡面是怎麼規定ICO的權限的:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/contents/enacted

如果英文不行,

也可以看看中文的介紹:
https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvNTc0NC8yOTcyMi82YzMyMDJiYi0yMzRmLTQ0NzktODZhYy1mNmJiZjFkODE3ZDgucGRm&n=5YCL5Lq66LOH5paZ5L%2Bd6K235bCI6LKs5qmf6Zec6IiH6LOH5paZ5Zyo5Zyw5YyW5LmL5rOV5Yi256CU56m2LnBkZg%3D%3D&icon=..pdf

我先幫你擷幾個圖讓你聞香一下:








是啊,沒有司法權,當然囉,ICO又不是法院,這不是廢話嗎?

但ICO可以把偽造、造假、偽證的人送上法院喔,

因為英國法律DPA已經明定,對ICO偽造、造假、偽證是一種犯罪行為,

你認為,英國法院會怎麼處理?

你認為,雖然ICO不是法院,不能直接判刑、監禁,

但接受調查的倫敦大學,會冒著被送上法院判刑的風險,幫蔡英文偽造、造假、偽證嗎?

美國國會也沒有司法權啊,

但在國會調查中做偽證會怎樣?會被關啊,這也是美國法律明定的罰則啊。

拿司法權來模糊焦點?不必了吧。

海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
我老早就跟妳說過了,不管ico是什麼東東,lse或倫敦的人不會犯險造假,但湮滅證據那就不一定了,lse只會提供對他們有利的證據


喔,湮滅證據喔?

你看過英國的DPA法條了沒?

那你至少把我的貼文看仔細一點嘛,

我一開頭不就講了嘛,

「毀壞、阻止、藏匿、偽造」,都是犯罪行為欸,

你覺得「湮滅證據」包不包括在這裡面啊?

自己沒研究、沒看過、不懂的事,

要先做一點基本功課啦。

海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
此外ico有將相關文件送去鑑識嗎?沒有的話,它只是進行合不合乎個資保密的審查
而不是對菸皇學位有無問題的調查,妳不用在那擴張解釋


鑑識?

請問一下:

倫敦大學的文件真假,最有資格鑑別真假的人是誰啊?

你這不就和某些人成天喊的第三方公證一樣搞笑嗎?

你拿一份倫敦大學內部文件去找外面的鑑識公司鑑別真假,

那家鑑識公司會自己判定這是不是真的倫敦大學文件嗎?

還不就是送去倫敦大學,請倫敦大學校方認證嘛。

你隨口說出來之前,到底有沒有先想一下邏輯啊?

海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
總之,買賣學位在英國並不犯法,不會進行司法調查,都是瞎扯蛋


誰在扯買賣學位啊?

瞎扯蛋的就是你自己吧。

海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
另外,它說論文是被lse或倫敦大學搞丟的,這明顯和所有人的共識論文根本沒進圖書館矛盾,顯見ico根本沒調查,隨意呼嚨


喔,

隨意唬弄喔?

好啊,下次如果你面對做偽證會被關的時候,你就試著唬弄看看嘛。

人家倫敦大學可沒你那麼不知死活喔。

和所有人的共識矛盾?

哪來的所有人啊?

只有你們疑英派自己人吧。

你很強喔,

35年前倫敦大學的論文有沒進倫敦大學的圖書館,

你比倫敦大學還清楚喔?

海外肥肥抹天客 wrote:
格達費之子一案也是,沃夫只是退休的前大法官,妳不用好像素到懶較一樣興奮的說得好像進行了司法調查,會有證據


對啊,

誰在扯 Saif 啊?

還不就你們這些疑英派嘛,

還不就那個Richardson拿Saif當前例嘛,

到底誰在興奮啊?

好啊,

既然你認為Saif沒有證據,

那你們疑英派老拿Saif來扯,是在幹嘛啊?

你瞎扯之前,

可不可以先顧慮一下疑英派同志的臉面啊?
一直肚子2 wrote:
只告訴:不公佈是合法的

你真的傻喔


我完全可以接受你這種程度的評論,

因為你向來就是這種程度,

看了半天只能看出這一點,

也是很難為你了啦。
Mijo wrote:
龜林,

已經很黑了,不要再越描越黑...

還"LSE主動要求1.5補件"?然後補來放進婦女館?...

光用眼睛餘光瞄到這條消夜就噴出來了...


沒關係,

噴完要記得擦乾淨喔。

理解力不好沒關係,

環境衛生還是要做好喔。
turtlins wrote:
噴完要記得擦乾淨喔。

理解力不好沒關係,

環境衛生還是要做好喔。


請回答為何要放進婦女館?別顧左右而言他!
50. However, other information – such as the thesis’ inclusion in the IALS index in 1985 – evidenced that, at that time, the thesis had been completed and assessed.
然而,其他資訊——如該論文被收錄於1985年的IALS論文索引——證明了,在當時,該論文已經完成並審核通過




這翻譯…

google翻的
但是,其他信息(例如,論文於1985年被納入IALS索引)證明當時該論文已經完成並得到了評估

ok,完成得到評估…有兩個結果,一個是通過,一個沒通過…

我們要的就是怎麼證明他通過…結果…還是用索引來證明他通過

你是這樣翻譯,然後要告訴我們這樣嗎?

護航到這樣…還能說什麼呢???
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