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Foreword 前言
The purpose of this report is to discuss the difficulties of reporting human rights issues and
establish what lessons can be drawn from different experiences so as to make sound
recommendations to the journalistic profession, policymakers, and human rights advocates.
The objective is to improve the quality and consistency of work in this area.
這份報告的目的在討論報導人權議題的困難和從不同經驗中來得到什麼教訓以便提出合理的建議給這些新聞報導的從業人員、政府決策人員和人權提倡者。這份報告的宗旨在改進這塊領域報導工作的品質和一致性。
The report is concerned with the media’s capacity to provide accurate, reliable, and timely
information on issues that involve human rights. A quantitative study would show that the media devote a great deal of attention to this subject. It would also show that, despite all the attention given, the media fail to report much that ought to be known, at least in the estimation of those who are victims. How should the media’s performance be judged? How should journalists and editors who work in the media judge themselves, when they try to assess the quality of their reporting in this area? This second question raises vast issues and there is no attempt here to be comprehensive.
這份報告是關注於媒體傳播量所提供在涉及人權問題上的準確性,可靠性和及時性訊息. 一項數字研究可以顯示，媒體投入大量的注意力在這人權議題上。這研究也顯示了，儘管媒體給予人權議題所有關注，媒體仍有負於多報告那些應該被知道的，估計至少是那些受害者。媒體業者的表現應該如何被評判？而這些新聞工作者和編輯者在這領域中，當他們試著要對他們的報導內容的性質下定論的時候, 如何去評判自己？後面這個問題引出很大的問題但在這裡並且沒有企圖去全面探討。
The objective of the report is not to make a general judgement on performance but to describe why the media do what they do, in the way they do it, when it comes to human rights. It is concerned not with how much the media do or fail to do, but how they go about bringing information on human rights to their publics. How do journalists and broadcasters see their task? How does it compare with all their other tasks? What pressures are brought to bear on them by parties that, one way or another, may be concerned by their reporting? What would ’good’ reporting on human rights issues imply?
這份報告的宗旨將不就媒體的表現做一般性的評斷，但將描述為什麼當涉及到人權時, 媒體為何這樣做。這無關媒體做或不做的多少，而是有關於他們如何把人權報導去傳遞給社會大眾。新聞工作者和播報員怎麼看他們的任務？又如何把人權報導的任務和所有他們的其他任務做比較？他們要承受團體帶來的什麼壓力，無論如何，或許和他們的報告有關？”好”的人權議題報導將暗示什麼？
The report concentrates on news coverage and does not survey all the ways in which human rights issues are reported by the media. It is biased distinctly in a Northern perspective, because it was prepared in Washington D.C., New York, and to a lesser extent London and Paris. Although it draws on the experiences of individuals in several parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, South Eastern Europe and South Asia who collaborated in its preparation, it bears the marks of its primary locus. It does not cover in detail all forms of human rights violations either. News stories more frequently report certain kinds of violations - such as those that occur in wars and conflicts, and those that are collected and aggregated by governments in statistics on crime or poverty. As a result, the report tends to refer to certain kinds, and often to more extreme or violent kinds, of human rights violations.
這份報告內容主要集中在新聞報導而不是去調查被媒體報導有關人權議題的所有方式。這份報告很明顯的偏重北半球的觀點，因為它在華盛頓 D.C., 紐約，少部分在London和Paris已被預製。雖然這份報告運用了在Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, South Eastern Europe和South Asia(撒哈拉非洲，拉丁美洲，南東歐和南亞洲)一些地區共同預製工作夥伴的個人經驗，但仍具有報告本身主要軌跡的特徵。這份報告也沒有詳細包含所有人權侵害的形式。新聞報導非常頻繁地報導某些特定種類的侵害 – 例如那些發生在戰爭和衝突的侵害，和那些由政府在犯罪和貧窮統計上被採集和總計的侵害。因此，這份報告傾向於堤及這些特定種類的人權侵害，而且經常提及更極端或更暴力的種類的人權侵害。
The report also looks at the issues from the perspective of those who work in the media, more than those who work in human rights organisations. It discusses the constraints journalists face, the effects of changes in the reporting process and in technology, and how the values of journalists and editors influence their priorities. It is not assumed that “human rights” information should be treated in a different way from other forms of information, about diplomacy or the environment, science, crime or economic affairs. Information on human rights may have specific characteristics (as does information on these other subjects) but the report does not assume that human rights are more important to journalists than other forms of information and should be privileged when news priorities are set.
報告也從在從事媒體工作人員的觀點來看人權議題，而且比從事人權組織人員的觀點來的多。報告談論到限制新聞工作者面，在報導的過程和在技術上變化的影響以及新聞工作者和編輯者的價值觀如何影響他們報導的優先順序。報告沒有去假設”人權”報導應該由其他關於外交或環境，科學，犯罪或經濟事務等其他報導的形式用不同的方法來處理。在人權報導上也許有些具體特徵(如同報導這些其他主題上)，但這份報告不去假設當要設置新聞優先順序時，人權報導對新聞工作者來說比其他報導體裁來得重要和應該享有特許。
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The primary question asked is a simple one. When human rights issues arise, are they reported well, judged in terms of traditional reporting standards? Readers, particularly those who are professional journalists and broadcasters, will not be surprised to learn that there is no obvious consensuson the answer to this question. Some of those interviewed said the media do not report human rights issues enough, others that they report in the wrong way or focus on the wrong subjects, and many (especially in Northern media centres) felt the record was reasonably good.
被問到的主要問題很簡單。當人權問題出現時，根據傳統報導的標準判斷他們有做適當的報導嗎？讀者們，尤其是這些專業的新聞工作者和專業的播報員的讀者們，就這問題將不會意外於獲知沒有明確一致的答案。某些被採訪的讀者表示媒體在人權議題報導上不够充分，其餘某些受訪者表示媒體用錯誤方式報導或焦點放在錯誤主題上報導，也有許多受訪者(特別是在北半球媒體中心)覺得記錄做得相當地好。
Small media in poor countries, such as Burundi’s Studio Ijambo or Belgrade’s Studio B92, and vast news organisations like Cable News Network (CNN) or the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in rich countries, attract into their ranks many individuals whose idea of a life well spent is to show others the way the world is, particularly when the world has gone wrong. Other fields - law enforcement, for example - attract young people for this or similar reasons. Working alongside them are at least as many people to whom it never occurred that they personally can, or perhaps should, make things better for others. Publishers, reporters or editors thus work in an environment that may be sympathetic, indifferent or even hostile to coverage of human rights issues.
在窮國家的小媒體，例如Burundi蒲隆地(中非一共和國)的Ijambo電視台或Belgrade貝爾格勒(南斯拉夫首都)的B92電視台，和富有國家非常大型的新聞組織 - 像有線新聞網(CNN)或英國廣播電臺(BBC)，
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特別是當世界出了問題。其他專業範疇 -例如法律執行- 吸引青年人為此或類似的原因。至少工作靠著他們這些人如同許多人給無法親自發現的人，或者應該，為他人讓事情做的更好。出版者，記者或編輯者如是在也許是贊成的，中立的或甚至反對的情境下工作去對人權議題做新聞報導。?????????
The media appear to give more attention to human rights issues than they did (however
insufficient their coverage may seem to some observers), but the reasons may be deceptively complex. Added coverage is due partly to the fact that governments and political leaders refer to human rights more often than they did, even ten years ago, both in their formal statements of policy and in political rhetoric. Public opinion has similarly evolved. For these reasons, the amount of coverage of human rights issues in the media is likely to continue to rise. For similar reasons, there may be higher expectations about the precision of that coverage, and the quality of that transmission. These are the starting points for this report.
媒體在人權議題上所給予的關注看起來比他們做的更多(不過也許似乎對某些觀察員是不能執行他們的新聞報導)，但原因也許是迷離複雜的。附加的新聞報導將政府和政治領袖們提到人權多半為他們所做的事實部份報導出來，即使在十年前，都是他們的政策的正式聲明和官方說法。民意已經同樣地演變了。為這些原因，人權議題新聞報導的量在媒體界可能繼續上升。為類似的原因，有關新聞報導的精確度和節目播送的品質也許有較高的期待。這些就是這份報告的出發點。
The report is organised in seven sections. Section One introduces the relationship between
news and human rights, defines the terms and sets out the report’s postulates. Section Two
provides an overview of the history of human rights, and identifies the points of intersection between the media and human rights. Section Three examines the professional environment of the coverage of human rights in recent years, including analysis of some of the major actors, trends and transformations that have affected or are affecting that coverage. Section Four focuses on the dynamics inside the newsroom, and the direct impact of factors internal and external to media organisations on the selection of human rights stories. Section Five looks at how the presentation of human rights stories is affected by bias and other forms of benign or less benign interference. Section Six highlights the key questions and conclusions when looking at the impact of human rights coverage on change and policymaking. Finally, Section Seven offers some recommendations that journalists and interested parties may wish to consider if they seek to improve the quality of coverage of human rights by the media.
這份報告分成七個部分。第一部分介紹新聞和人權之間的關係，定義了條件且開始報告的假設。第二部分提供人權的歷史概要，且確認媒體和人權之間交叉點。第三部分審查近年來人權新聞報導的專業環境，包括某些主要參與者的解析以及已被影響的趨向和變革或正在影響那新聞報導。第四部分著重在新聞編輯內部裡的動態，以及內部因素和外部因素對媒體組織在人權報導內容的選擇上的直接衝擊。第五部分在看人權報導內容的呈現如何被成見和其他有利或較少有利干擾的形式受到影響。第六部分當在看變動和決策性人權報導的衝擊時突顯這些主要問題和結論。最後，第七部分提供新聞工作者和感興趣的團體，如果他們企圖去改進被媒體報導的人權新聞報導的品質，也許期望會列入考慮的一些建議。
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Preface
Journalism is no easy task at the best of times, but, just occasionally, there are moments when journalists and media are confronted by a story so big that it tests their notion of
professionalism to the limit. So it was on September 11, 2001 in New York and Washington when hundreds of millions of viewers around the world tuned into vivid pictures of raw, unedited horror. Within hours global journalism, in all sectors of media, faced its stiffest challenge in half a century.
新聞業在主要的時刻沒有簡單的任務，但是，只是偶爾，當新聞工作者和媒體正面臨到一個非常大的事件時，事件測試他們的專業化的見解到極限。所以這在紐約和華盛頓2001年發生的911恐怖攻擊事件，當全球有上億觀眾轉到未被加工過的真實畫面、未被編輯過的恐怖。全球新聞業者幾小時之內，在所有媒體區段，面對這半世紀來他們最艱鉅的挑戰。
Most reporters will take heart from the verdict that, apart from the predictable banalities and some bizarre exceptions, coverage of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the aftermath was restrained. Informed reporting of events and untangling of complex military, political and diplomatic background in countless talk-shows full of expert analysis and passionate debate in the days that followed was proof that independent media, strengthened by professional journalism, can be a force for good.
多數記者會從事件結論採取重點，除了可預測平凡的例子和一些異常的例子之外，恐怖分子攻擊世貿易中心的新聞報導和此大事件的餘波已被約束。事件的情報報導和複雜軍事糾紛的解決，隨著數不清全是專家分析和成天激烈辯論的政治和外交背景訪談節目已證明了獨立的媒體，藉由專業的新聞工作加強，可以是一股永遠地力量。
Hard reporting, lashings of human interest and the open-minded search for solutions produce a remarkably sensitive and non-sensational mix of journalism and the telling of the New York story illustrates just how well media contribute to building public confidence by doing the simple things right: promoting open debate, providing reliable information, exposing wrongdoing and corruption, and explaining the impact of events on the world in which we live.
努力報導，大量的人情味和無私探求方法?????????????????
產生一個各類新聞工作和 紐約故事 非常敏感的和無知覺?????????????
只是媒體如何充分的藉由做些簡單的事情幫助建立大眾的信心 : 促進開放辯論，提供可靠的報導，暴露不道德的行為和腐敗，並且解釋事件對我們所居住的世界的衝擊。
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