manabu2 wrote:
有個問題想請教了解這方面的前輩。
就是在寫部落格或是討論區發文時，引用了已故大師已經發表的作品或肖像。
也就是網路上到處都找得到的。
好比說Ansel Adams的Moon and Half Dome Image
又或者Alfred Stieglitz的Hands of Georgia O'Keefe
這樣會有侵權問題嗎？
幾個想法給您參考
1. 各國法律的管轄範圍為何?
e.g. 在荷蘭可以合法購買大麻, 那麼美國法院能否對去阿姆斯特丹抽大麻的美國人開罰? 在美國重型機車可以合法開上高速公路, 那麼臺灣交通法院能否對在美國高速公路騎重型機車的臺灣人開罰?
2. 何謂引用已故大師已經發表的作品或肖像?
e.g. 西方世界普遍翻譯與引用的孫子兵法 -- 牟利商業行為 (The Art of War, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War) 是否得到孫氏宗親會的正式書面許可? 那麼為何在非營利教學用途下引用 Diane Arbus 的作品 -- (注意: 非牟利/非商業行為) 反而要得到 Diane Arbus 女兒的書面許可?
3. 何謂 [侵權]?
e.g. 這裡所謂的 [著作權] 究竟屬於著作者本人, 或是基金會. 為何在著作者死亡超過後 50 年仍保有著作權?
4. 何謂 [法律]?
e.g. 究竟法律是 [我說了算] 還是 [法律之前人人平等]?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy_right
Limitations and exceptions
Changing technology and limitations and exceptions
International legal instruments and limitations and exceptions
Fair use and fair dealing
Enforcement
Infringement
5. 特地為美國企業量身訂做的美國法律
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act
The Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) of 1998 extended copyright terms in the United States by 20 years. Since the Copyright Act of 1976, copyright would last for the life of the author plus 50 years, or 75 years for a work of corporate authorship. The Act extended these terms to life of the author plus 70 years and for works of corporate authorship to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever endpoint is earlier.[1] Copyright protection for works published prior to January 1, 1978, was increased by 20 years to a total of 95 years from their publication date.
米老鼠保護條款
This law, also known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Sonny Bono Act, or pejoratively as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act,[2] effectively "froze" the advancement date of the public domain in the United States for works covered by the older fixed term copyright rules. Under this Act, additional works made in 1923 or afterwards that were still protected by copyright in 1998 will not enter the public domain until 2019 or afterward (depending on the date of the product) unless the owner of the copyright releases them into the public domain prior to that or if the copyright gets extended again. Unlike copyright extension legislation in the European Union, the Sonny Bono Act did not revive copyrights that had already expired. The Act did extend the terms of protection set for works that were already copyrighted, and is retroactive in that sense. However, works created before January 1, 1978, but not published or registered for copyright until recently, are addressed in a special section (17 U.S.C. § 303) and may remain protected until the end of 2047. The Act became Pub.L. 105-298 on October 27, 1998.
6. 美國著作權保護年限延革圖
Expansion of U.S. copyright law -- 著作權保護年限一路往上調高, 可見著作權保護這玩意是 [法律像月亮, 初一十五不一樣!] 根本就是量身訂做: [我說的就是法律]!
http://www.tomwbell.com/writings/(C)_Term.html
7. 世界各國對 [著作權保護] 的態度
最後請注意世界各國未必附合美國米老鼠保護條款的超長 105 年保護年限.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries'_copyright_length
例如在阿富汗, 寮國, 馬紹爾群島這三個國家就根本沒有 [著作權保護] 這檔事! 開曼群島, 維京群島的法律也沒有刻意提到 [著作權保護] 的條款, 臺灣是作者死後保護五十年, 葉門則是作者死後保護三十年.
結論:
由於臺灣有著名的槍砲刀械管制條例, 因此您若是想合法的開幾槍過過癮, 那就只好飛到菲律賓或是美國 (e.g. Nevada or Texas) 的靶場開槍; 臺灣的槍砲刀械管制條例自然不會管到天涯海角去.
同理可知, 您若是想合法的引用已故大師已發表的作品或肖像, 那麼您也得把網路主機申請在適當的國家, 或是文章發表在適當的國家, 然後用超聯結的方式與大家介紹. 這樣一來, 美國的超長 105 年保護年限當然也無法管到天涯海角去!
Law only protects the one who knows it well. 用法為上, 守法為下!
山不在高有仙則名
水不在深有龍則靈
機不在貴要拍才行
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